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Assessment of contaminant releases during utilization of used oils is essential for the determination of environmental acceptability. These paper reports the results of the study examining a toxic metal leachability from used engine oil and sludge samples employing leaching test (TCLP). The leaching test indicated that lead in oil samples exceeded 5-ppm concentration level what qualified them as a...
The mechanism by which jet fuels are hydrotreated to reduce sulfur levels has some important implications in terms of the species and distribution of sulfur compounds remaining in the fuel. The species of sulfur that are most difficult to remove by hydrotreating, such as benzothiophenes and methyl- and dimethyl-benzothiophenes, are concentrated in the higher-boiling fraction of the fuel. Consequently,...
This paper reports on analysis of 45 gasoline samples with different qualities, namely, octane number and chemical composition. Measurements of data from gas chromatography and IR (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to gasoline quality prediction and classification. The data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C means (FCM) algorithm. The data were then analyzed following the...
The combustion of coal in a mixture of pure O 2 and recycled flue gas is one variant of a novel combustion approach called oxy-fuel combustion. With the absence of N 2 , this approach leads to a flue gas stream highly enriched in CO 2 . For many applications, this flue gas stream can then be compressed and sequestered without further separation. As a result, oxy-fuel combustion...
Particles emitted from three coal-fired power plants burning subbituminous coals from Alberta, Canada were examined for total particulate matter (PM) and size fractions PM >10 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 . The sampling was carried out following EPA Method 201A, which requires a 6inch port. Three tests were performed at each station. The rates of emitted particulates from the three...
This paper presents experimental results on co-firing of ‘as-received’ sugar cane bagasse and rice husk in a conical fluidized-bed combustor (FBC) using silica sand as the bed material. Axial temperature, O 2 , CO 2 , CO and NO concentration profiles in the conical FBC operated at 82.5–82.8kg/h fuel feed rate and various values of excess air (of about 40, 60, 80 and 100%) for different...
Pilot plant studies were conducted to assess the feasibility of remediation of coal tar-contaminated soil and oil-contaminated gravel by incineration in a fluidized bed combustor and the same equipment converted to a calciner, with environmentally acceptable performance. Besides adequate decontamination and emission control, effort was devoted to treat the special feedstocks with difficult handling...
The paper presents an attempt to evaluate the influence of biomass co-combustion on the fouling of boiler convection surfaces. In order to show the influence of co-firing biomass with bituminous coal on boiler efficiency, the calculations of pulverized fuel (PF) OP 140 steam generator have been carried out. Typical Upper Silesian coal with medium fouling inclination has been chosen as a basic fuel...
The concept of fuel stratification has been proposed and applied to a four-valve port injection spark ignition engine. In this engine, two different fuels or fuel components are admitted through two separate inlet ports and stratified into two regions laterally by strong tumble flows. Each stratified region has a spark plug to control the ignition. This engine can operate in the stratified lean-burn...
Prediction of ash fusion temperatures by using the chemical composition of the ash has previously been conducted only with linear correlations. In this study, a new technique is presented for predicting the fusibility temperatures of ash. Non-linear correlations are developed by using the chemical composition of ash (eight oxides) and coal parameters (ash content, specific gravity, Hardgrove index...
The effects of NaCl on the capture of SO 2 by CaCO 3 during coal combustion were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer. All experiments were carried out in a flowing air atmosphere at a heating rate of 10, 20 or 30°C/min. The experimental results showed that more SO 2 reduction was achieved as long as NaCl was added together with CaCO 3 to coal. It indicated that...
Suspended matter in jet fuel was separated by filtration and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the components in the suspended matter include alkanes, esters with long molecular chains and multi-substituents, alcohols, ketones, alkenes and...
Coals from Luquan, Yunnan Province, China, have high contents of cutinite and microsporinite, with an average of 55 and 33.5vol%, respectively, (on a mineral-free basis). The coals are classified as cutinitic liptobiolith, sporinite-rich durain, cutinite-rich durain, and sporinitic liptobiolith. These four liptinite-rich coals are often interlayered within the coal bed section and vary transversely...
Computational fluid dynamics is a widely used tool in optimizing natural gas burners, for instance, for emission issues. Especially, a further reduction of NO x emissions is of interest. However, due to computational efforts calculating three-dimensional turbulent flames, there is the necessity for simplified models in order to simulate the combustion reactions and the NO x formation,...
Ratios of n-heptane (hep) to toluene (tol) affect the solubility of the asphaltenes in heavy oil extraction processes. Consequently phase changes and time after mixing n-heptane and heavy oil in toluene are important for understanding produced emulsions. The kinetics of phase change when n-heptane is added to toluene-diluted heavy oils, and the thermodynamic properties of partially deasphalted heavy...
The viscoelastic knowledge of crude oil is limited by the complexity and variability of the raw material. Viscoelastic models of Maxwell type describe widely Mexican crude oils when an Oldroyd contravariant derivative is considered. Moreover, a Weissenberg number is defined by the product of the shear rate and the characteristic time constituted by the inverse of the rate constant of C–C bonds rotations...
This paper presents a numerical model for the evaporation and pyrolysis of a single droplet of pyrolysis oil derived from biomass. Continuous thermodynamics theory for multi-component droplet evaporation is used, with the fuel being represented by four fractions: organic acids, aldehydes/ketones, water, and pyrolytic lignin, each of which is described by a separate distribution function. Pyrolysis...
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